Accounting · บัญชี

Menu 5 Accounting holds the general ledger itself: the journal vouchers you enter by hand, the journal entries that every document posts, the chart of accounts, the opening balances, the accounting periods with the year-end close, and the month-end revaluation of foreign currency balances.

Most of your books are written for you. Every time you post a tax invoice, a receipt, a purchase, a payment or a stock document, Panya creates its journal entry automatically, in the right journal book and with the accounts set in 7 Setup → Default accounts. You use this menu to:

• record what no document covers: accruals, depreciation, prepaid expenses, the monthly VAT and withholding tax entries, corrections;
• look up any journal entry and trace it back to the document that made it;
• close each month so that nothing more can be posted into it, and close the year;
• restate open foreign currency receivables and payables at the period-end rate.

The examples in this chapter come from the demonstration company บริษัท ตัวอย่าง เทรดดิ้ง จำกัด, whose fiscal year FY2026 runs from 01/01/2569 to 31/12/2569, and use the account codes of Panya's default chart of accounts.

Journal vouchers (JV)#

บันทึกรายการบัญชี (JV) · Menu: 5 Accounting → Journal vouchers

A journal voucher records a journal entry that you write yourself: the accounts, the debits and the credits. It is the Panya equivalent of the Express บันทึกรายการบัญชี screen.

When to use a journal voucher#

Use a journal voucher only for entries that no Panya document makes. Typical month-end vouchers:

Do not use a journal voucher for anything that involves a customer's or supplier's balance, stock, VAT or withholding tax on a transaction. Enter the document instead (invoice, purchase, receipt, payment, stock adjustment). Only documents update the receivable, payable and stock sub-ledgers and the tax reports. See The control accounts rule and What posting records.

Voucher types#

A third kind, the closed-period adjustment, is a general or opening voucher with the Adjustment to a closed period box ticked. See Closed-period adjustments.

The voucher list#

Open 5 Accounting → Journal vouchers. The list shows every voucher, newest first. On the same date, drafts come first.

Above the list:

• Search number, memo or reference… finds vouchers whose number, memo or reference contains what you type.
• All voucher types filters to General or Opening.
• All statuses filters to Draft, Posted or Reversed.
• The two date fields limit the list to a date range (from – to).

The list shows 50 vouchers per page, with ‹ Prev and Next › below it. Click a row to open the voucher: a draft opens in the entry form, a posted or reversed voucher opens its view.

The buttons at the top right appear only for users allowed to post journals (owner, admin and accountant):

• New voucher (Alt+A) opens a new general voucher. When the type filter is set to Opening, it opens a new opening balance voucher instead.
• Opening balances opens a new opening balance voucher. (The checklist page with the same name is in the menu: see Opening balances.)

Fields#

The entry form has a header, a grid of lines and a bar of buttons at the bottom.

Header fields:

Line fields:

Under the lines:

• Total adds up the debits and the credits.
• Balanced appears in green when the totals agree. Otherwise Difference shows, in red, how much is missing, under the column that needs it.
• + Add line adds a line.
• Balance to 3900 Opening balance equity appears on opening balance vouchers only.
• Customer / supplier columns shows or hides the Customer and Supplier columns.

The buttons at the bottom:

Entering a journal voucher#

This example accrues October's office rent of 25,000.00 baht, which the landlord bills in November. It produces voucher JV69100001 of the demonstration company.

1. Open 5 Accounting → Journal vouchers and choose New voucher (Alt+A). The cursor starts in Date.
2. Leave Voucher type on General (JV).
3. In Date, enter the last day of the month: 31/10/2026 in the date picker (31/10/2569).
4. In Memo, type ค่าเช่าสำนักงานเดือนตุลาคม (ค้างจ่าย). Add the lease contract number in Reference if you file by it.
5. On line 1, type 5220 in Account and press Enter. ค่าเช่า appears under the code. Press Enter to move on, type a line description if you want one, then type 25000 in Debit.
6. Press Enter until the cursor reaches line 2. Type 2150 in Account and press Enter (ค่าใช้จ่ายค้างจ่าย).
7. Move to Credit on line 2 and press F2. Panya fills in 25000.00, the amount that balances the voucher.
8. Check that the footer shows Balanced with 25,000.00 in both columns.
9. Choose Save & post (F9). Panya numbers the voucher, posts its journal entry and shows the posted voucher, with the message JV69100001 posted.

Enter moves from field to field, as in Express. To enter more than two lines, press Enter on the credit of the last line, or choose + Add line.

Drafting a voucher with Panya AI#

ร่างจากเอกสาร (AI) · Open: ✦ Draft from document (AI) at the top right of a new journal voucher

Panya AI can propose the lines of a general voucher from a document (a bill, a bank advice, a depreciation schedule), from a sentence describing the transaction, or from both. It proposes only accounts that a general voucher may use, never a control account or an account kept by documents. The lines are a draft in the form: nothing is saved or posted until you have reviewed them and saved the voucher yourself.

The button is on a new voucher of type General (JV). It is not on an opening balance voucher or a saved draft, and it is hidden when Panya AI is not set up or you may not enter documents.

1. Choose New voucher in 5 Accounting → Journal vouchers, and set the Date if you know it.
2. Click ✦ Draft from document (AI). The dialog Draft a journal voucher with Panya AI opens.
3. Choose a document, type a description, or both.
4. Click Draft the lines. Cancel closes the dialog without any request. A request that may use more than 10 credits asks you to confirm the estimate first.
5. Panya fills the Date, Reference, Memo and the lines with their accounts, debits, credits and descriptions. A blue note above the form says Drafted by Panya AI: check every line before saving. (or Filled from (file name) by Panya AI: check every field before saving. when it read a document), lists anything to fix, says The file is attached when the document is saved. when there is a file, and shows what was used.
6. Check every line, the date and the memo against the document. The footer must show Balanced before you can post.
7. Choose Save draft or Save & post as usual. When the voucher is saved for the first time, Panya attaches the document to it.

The note can list Line 2: account … cannot be used here; choose another., No lines were read from the document., or a rule the draft does not pass yet, for example that it is not balanced. Correct the lines before you post.

Messages of the dialog:

Filling the balancing amount with F2#

Press F2 in the Debit or Credit field of any line. Panya adds up all the other lines and puts the difference on this line, on the side that balances the voucher: as a debit if the other lines have more credits, as a credit if they have more debits. Whatever the line held before is replaced. When the other lines already balance, F2 does nothing.

F2 is quickest on the last line of a voucher with several debits and one credit, for example a depreciation voucher with one line per asset group.

Customer and supplier on a line#

Tick Customer / supplier columns to tag a line with a customer or a supplier. The tag is for information: the name appears on the journal entry and in the Party column of the general ledger. It does not create, change or settle a receivable or payable, because the receivable and payable control accounts cannot be used in a journal voucher.

For example, to accrue October's professional fee for นายสมชาย ใจดี (supplier S002), debit 5270 ค่าธรรมเนียมวิชาชีพ and credit 2150 ค่าใช้จ่ายค้างจ่าย, and choose S002 in Supplier on the 2150 line. The general ledger of account 2150 then shows whose fee is accrued.

No account requires a customer or a supplier: both columns are optional.

The control accounts rule#

The receivable, payable and inventory control accounts (in the default chart 1130 ลูกหนี้การค้า, 2110 เจ้าหนี้การค้า and 1140 สินค้าคงเหลือ) cannot be used in a journal voucher. In the account list they carry the hint control · receivable — not allowed (or payable, inventory), and choosing one shows a message such as:

1130 ลูกหนี้การค้า is the receivable control account and cannot be used in a journal voucher: receivables are posted through sales documents, receipts and customer opening balances.

This keeps the customer, supplier and stock sub-ledgers (aging, statements, stock valuation) always equal to their accounts in the general ledger. Use the documents instead:

Accounts kept by documents#

A general journal voucher also cannot post to the default accounts whose balance other documents keep, because the integrity checks compare each of them with those documents, and later documents settle or use what the documents recorded. In the account list they carry the hint kept by documents — not allowed, and choosing one shows a message such as:

2140 เงินรับล่วงหน้าจากลูกค้า is kept by receipts and customer refunds, and a journal voucher cannot post to it: use those documents instead.

The rule follows the account set in 7 Setup → Default accounts, whatever its code. An opening voucher may use these accounts, to bring in their balances on the opening date. Output VAT, input VAT and withholding tax payable stay open to journal vouchers, for example to close VAT into VAT payable at the month end or to record paying the withholding tax.

Drafts and posting#

A voucher is in one of three states:

Saving, as a draft or before posting, checks that:

• every line with an amount has an account;
• the voucher has at least two lines;
• a closed-period adjustment has a reason.

Posting also checks that:

• the debits equal the credits;
• every line has either a debit or a credit, not both and not neither, with no negative amount and at most two decimals;
• every account is active, postable (not a group) and not a control account, and on a general voucher not an account kept by documents;
• the date falls in an open period, or the voucher is an authorised closed-period adjustment.

If any check fails, nothing is posted and Panya says why. See Voucher messages.

What posting records#

Posting creates one journal entry with exactly the lines of the voucher, dated the voucher date:

• a general voucher posts to the General book (GJ…);
• an opening balance voucher posts to the Opening book (OJ…).

For JV69100001, the accrued rent:

That is all a journal voucher records:

• No tax records. The VAT reports (รายงานภาษีซื้อ, รายงานภาษีขาย, ภ.พ.30) and the withholding tax reports (ภ.ง.ด.3, ภ.ง.ด.53, ภ.ง.ด.54) are built only from documents. A voucher that debits 1150 ภาษีซื้อ changes the account but adds nothing to the input tax report. Enter a purchase document when you have a tax invoice to claim.
• No stock movements, and no change to any customer's or supplier's balance.

The voucher in the screenshot above, a utility bill of 3,500.00 paid from the current account (debit 5230 ค่าสาธารณูปโภค, credit 1120 เงินฝากธนาคาร - กระแสรายวัน), is a valid voucher. If the bill carries VAT you can claim, enter it as a cash purchase instead, so that the input VAT reaches ภ.พ.30. See Purchasing.

Lines on a cash or bank account appear in that account's bank reconciliation and in the cash movement report like any other entry.

Numbering#

A voucher gets its number when it is posted, never before: drafts are unnumbered, and a deleted draft leaves no gap.

{BB} is the Buddhist year in two digits and {MM} the month. The month comes from the voucher's date, not the day you post: a voucher dated 30/09/2569 and posted in October takes the next September number.

The journal entry has its own number in its book, for example GJ691000001. The General book also receives bank transfers, FX revaluations and other entries, so the JV and GJ numbers do not run in step. Both formats can be changed in 7 Setup → Document numbering: see Setup.

Viewing a posted voucher#

Click a posted voucher in the list, or post a new one, to open its view.

The title shows the voucher number with its status (Posted or Reversed), and an Adjustment badge for a closed-period adjustment. The panel below shows:

Lines shows the posted lines, with a Customer / supplier column when a line carries one.

Attachments keeps the supporting papers with the voucher: choose Attach file or drop files onto the panel. PDF, images, CSV, text, Excel and Word files up to 10 MB each are accepted. Click a file name to download it; ✕ removes it. Attaching and removing need the permission to post journals. Files can be attached only after the voucher is posted.

Print (Alt+P) prints the details panel and the lines on A4. The page heading, buttons and attachments are not printed.

Reversing (cancelling) a voucher#

A posted voucher is never edited. To cancel it, reverse it: Panya posts a second entry with the debits and credits swapped, and keeps the original voucher and entry for the audit trail.

1. Open the posted voucher and choose Reverse voucher. The button is shown to owners, admins and accountants.
2. In Reason (recorded in the audit trail), say why, for example บันทึกผิดบัญชี. The confirm button stays disabled until you type a reason.
3. In Reversal date, keep the voucher date (the default) or choose a later date. The date cannot be before the voucher date, and it must be in an open period. If the voucher's month is already closed, use a date in the current month.
4. Choose Reverse voucher.

The voucher's status becomes Reversed. A warning shows the reversal and its reason, and a Reversal panel shows the reversing entry's number (a link), its date and its lines. For JV69100001 reversed on 31/10/2569:

The reversing entry is in the same book as the original, takes the next number of that book for its date, and has the memo Reversal of GJ691000001: followed by your reason.

A reversed voucher cannot be posted again or edited. To correct a voucher, reverse it and enter a new one.

Closed-period adjustments#

Once a month is closed, nothing can be posted into it. When a correction must still be dated in that month (for example an auditor's adjustment to a month already reported), an owner or admin can post a closed-period adjustment instead of reopening the month:

1. Create the voucher as usual and date it in the closed month.
2. Tick Adjustment to a closed period.
3. Type the reason in the field beside it, for example ปรับปรุงตามผู้สอบบัญชี.
4. Choose Save & post.

The voucher posts into the closed period, which stays closed for everything else. The voucher and its entry carry an Adjustment badge in every list, the reason appears as Closed-period adjustment on both, and the audit log records it as journal_voucher.post_adjustment.

Only owners and admins see the box. The date must still fall in an existing fiscal year, and that year must be open.

Opening balance vouchers (OB)#

An opening balance voucher brings in the general ledger balances from your previous books: cash and bank, fixed assets and their depreciation, other assets, loans, accruals, capital and retained earnings. Open one with New opening voucher on the Opening balances page, with Opening balances on the voucher list, or by choosing Opening balances as the voucher type.

The form is the same as for a general voucher, with an information panel at the top:

• Enter each account's balance as at the day before your start date: debit for assets and expenses, credit for liabilities, equity and revenue.
• Do not enter receivables, payables or inventory here. Their control accounts are filled by customer opening balances, supplier opening balances and opening stock, which also post against 3900.
• Balance the voucher through 3900 ยอดยกมาเพื่อปรับปรุง (Opening balance equity).

Date the voucher on the first day of your first fiscal year in Panya. There is no period before it, so this is the earliest date Panya accepts. The amounts are the balances at the close of the previous day.

To take an opening voucher back, reverse it on that same date, the default reversal date. A later date is refused (an opening voucher is reversed on the opening date, 2026-01-01): the year's documents settle the balances it brought in.

Balance to 3900 Opening balance equity adds a line on account 3900, with the description Opening balance equity (ยอดยกมาเพื่อปรับปรุง when you work on the Thai screen) and the amount that balances the voucher, and removes empty lines. If a 3900 line already exists, it recalculates that line instead.

When all four kinds of opening balance are entered, account 3900 nets to zero. Check it on the Opening balances page.

If you start using Panya part-way through a fiscal year, you can also enter the year-to-date revenue and expense balances on the opening voucher. They then count in the year's profit and loss and in its closing entry.

The opening voucher in the demonstration company is OB6900001, dated 01/01/2569, with a total of 554,050.00. Its entry is in the Opening book (OJ…).

Voucher messages#

Messages shown on the form before anything is sent:

Messages from posting, saving, deleting or reversing:

Tips#

• Keep one voucher per purpose (rent accrual, depreciation, VAT) with a clear memo. The memo is what you read later in the general ledger.
• Attach the supporting paper (bill, schedule, filed return) to each posted voucher, so the auditor finds it in Panya.
• To repeat last month's accrual, open last month's voucher and enter the same lines in a new voucher. There is no copy button.
• Reverse an accrual in the following month with a new voucher when the real bill is entered, or use Reverse voucher with a reversal date in the new month.

Journal entries#

สมุดรายวัน · Menu: 5 Accounting → Journal entries

The journal entries screen lists every entry in the general ledger: the ones posted by documents and the ones from journal vouchers. It is read-only. Entries are created by posting and corrected by reversing; nobody can type into them.

The books#

Each entry belongs to one journal book, as in a Thai manual ledger. The book depends on the document, and each book has its own number series:

The first six series restart every month, Opening and Closing every year. A stock transfer between warehouses (TF) moves stock only and makes no journal entry. Cancelling a document posts its reversal in the same book as the original. The formats can be changed in 7 Setup → Document numbering, under Journal entries.

The entry list#

Open 5 Accounting → Journal entries. Entries are listed newest first.

Above the list:

• Search entry no., document no. or memo… finds entries whose entry number, source document number or memo contains what you type. Search IV69100003 to find every entry of that invoice, including cost recalculations and a reversal.
• All books filters to one book, for example Payments.
• The two date fields limit the list to a date range.

The list shows 50 entries per page. Click a row to open the entry.

Opening an entry#

The entry view shows the header and the lines of one entry.

The title shows the entry number with its badges, and the memo below it. The panel shows:

Lines lists the account (code and name), the line description, the debit and the credit, with totals. Two more columns appear when they apply:

• Customer / supplier: the customer or supplier the line belongs to. Receivable and payable lines always carry one; this is what ties the general ledger to the customer and supplier sub-ledgers.
• Product: the product code on inventory and cost of sales lines.

From an entry to its source document#

Every entry knows the document that created it. Click the number under Source (or in the Source document column of the list) to open it. The other direction works too: a posted document's view shows its journal entry number as a link, and so does every entry in the general ledger report.

Links exist for sales and purchase documents, receipts, payments, journal vouchers, stock adjustments and the year-end closing (which opens Periods & year end). For other sources (bank transfers, deposits, refunds, cheques, PP.36 filings, FX revaluations and cost recalculations) the number is shown without a link, and the Source label shows the kind of document in plain words, such as Bank transfer. Open those documents from their own menus.

Reversal entries#

Panya never changes or deletes a posted entry. When a document or a voucher is cancelled, Panya posts a reversal entry:

• it has the same lines as the original with the debits and credits swapped (for stock documents, plus any cost difference the reversal causes);
• it is dated on the cancellation date you chose, which must be in an open period;
• it is in the same book and points to the same source document;
• its memo reads Reversal of followed by the original entry number and the reason.

In the list, the reversing entry carries a red Reversal badge and the original a Reversed badge. Each entry view links to the other (Reversal of original entry, Reversed by reversing entry). Together they net to zero, so the account balances are as if the document had never been posted, while both entries stay visible.

Chart of accounts#

ผังบัญชี · Menu: 5 Accounting → Chart of accounts

The chart of accounts lists every account in a tree of groups. Setting it up, adding accounts and importing a chart are explained in Setup. This section covers what matters when you write journal vouchers.

• The tabs (All, Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Revenue, Expenses) and Search code or name… narrow the list. Show inactive includes deactivated accounts.
• Flags shows Group for heading accounts, Control · Receivable (AR), Control · Payable (AP) or Control · Inventory for control accounts, Cash/bank for cash and bank accounts, and Inactive.
• A dot in Postings means the account has journal postings.
• New account (Alt+A), + Sub-account on a group, and Import (CSV, Excel) are for users who manage settings (owner, admin, accountant). Click an account to edit it.

How the chart affects journal vouchers:

An account with postings cannot change its type, group flag or control kind and cannot be deleted. You can still rename it, move it under another group of the same type, or deactivate it.

Opening balances#

ยอดยกมา · Menu: 5 Accounting → Opening balances

This page is the checklist for moving your books into Panya. The full procedure, with the imports of Excel and CSV files from Express or another program, is in Setup.

It has four steps, each with its own documents, and a reconciliation panel:

Each step shows how many documents are posted and how many are still drafts; a tick replaces the step number once at least one is posted. View list opens the documents of the step.

Above the steps, the Moving from Express card names the Express list or report to export for each step and opens its import, and Migration check opens a printable check of the result. See Setup.

5 · Reconciliation shows the balance of 3900 ยอดยกมาเพื่อปรับปรุง (Opening balance equity). It is zero, in green, with Reconciled: the general ledger, receivable, payable and stock openings agree., when the four steps add up. A debit balance usually means customer or stock openings are missing; a credit balance usually means supplier openings, loans or capital are missing. Sub-ledger checks lists the related integrity checks: opening balance equity is zero, receivables, payables and stock agree with their control accounts, and the trial balance balances.

All opening entries are in the Opening book (OJ…).

Periods and year end#

งวดบัญชี/ปิดบัญชี · Menu: 5 Accounting → Periods & year end

Fiscal years and periods#

A fiscal year has twelve monthly accounting periods. Panya creates the first fiscal year when you create the company, from the fiscal year start date you entered. Each period is named by its year and month, for example 2026-10, and is either Open or Closed:

• every journal entry falls into the period that contains its date;
• an open period accepts postings;
• a closed period accepts nothing, except closed-period adjustments by an owner or admin;
• a date outside every fiscal year is refused.

A calendar fiscal year is named like FY2026 (01/01/2569 – 31/12/2569). One that starts in another month is named like FY2026/2027.

The bar at the top of every screen shows the period that contains today, for example Period 2026-10 Open, or No open period for today when no fiscal year covers today.

The periods screen#

The screen shows each fiscal year as a panel, the latest on top. The panel's title shows the year's name, its dates and its status, with Year-end close (an open year) or Reopen year (a closed year). Its table lists the periods:

Only one Close button is active at a time: the earliest open period's, because periods close in order. Likewise only the latest closed period's Reopen is active, because periods reopen in reverse order. Hovering over a greyed button tells you why it is unavailable.

Open next fiscal year is at the top right.

Closing a period#

Close a month once everything in it is posted, checked and filed. See the checklist in Month-end and tax filing.

1. Open 5 Accounting → Periods & year end.
2. Choose Close on the period, for example 2026-10. It must be the earliest open period.
3. Read the confirmation: After closing, no document or journal can be posted dated 01/10/2569 – 31/10/2569. Drafts dated in this period stay as drafts. A user with the reopen permission can reopen the period with a reason.
4. Choose Close period.

Panya confirms Period 2026-10 closed. If drafts dated in the month still exist, a second message says how many: 3 draft document(s) dated in 2026-10 can no longer be posted there. Change their date to an open month to post them, or delete them.

What closing blocks, for any date in the period:

• posting any document: sales, purchases, receipts, payments, stock, bank and journal vouchers;
• cancelling a document with a cancellation date in the period (choose a date in an open month instead);
• an FX revaluation dated in the period, or whose next-day reversal falls in it;
• the year-end close, if it is the last period of the year.

What it does not block: viewing, printing and sending documents, running reports for the period, saving drafts, and posting documents dated in an open month that settle documents from the closed month (a receipt in November can settle an October invoice).

Closing periods needs the close periods permission: owners, admins and accountants.

Reopening a period#

Reopening lets postings into the period again. Prefer a correction dated in the current month, or a closed-period adjustment, when the month has already been filed.

1. Choose Reopen on the latest closed period. Later periods must be reopened first.
2. Type the reason in Reason (recorded in the audit trail).
3. Choose Reopen period.

Only owners and admins can reopen. The periods of a closed fiscal year cannot be reopened until the year itself is reopened. The reopening is recorded in the audit log with its reason.

Year-end closing#

The year-end close (ปิดบัญชีสิ้นปี) posts the closing entry and closes the whole year. Before running it, finish the year's work: the last month's checklist, depreciation and accruals, stock count, the year-end FX revaluation. See Closing the year in Month-end and tax filing.

1. Open 5 Accounting → Periods & year end.
2. Make sure the last period of the year (for FY2026, 2026-12) is still open. You may close periods 1 to 11 one by one beforehand, but the closing entry is posted into the last period.
3. Choose Year-end close on the year's panel.
4. Read the confirmation: the close will post a closing entry dated on the last day of the year (31/12/2569) that moves every revenue and expense balance of the year to retained earnings, and close all periods of the year and the year itself.
5. Choose Post closing entry & close year.

Panya confirms, for example, Fiscal year FY2026 closed · net profit followed by the amount (or net loss). The year and all its periods are now Closed.

The button is unavailable when an earlier fiscal year is still open (Close earlier fiscal years first) or when the last period is closed (The last period of the year must be open to post the closing entry).

What the closing entry records#

The closing entry is posted in the Closing book (CL6900001), dated the last day of the year, with the memo year-end closing FY2026. It brings every revenue and expense account with a balance for the year to zero, and puts the difference on retained earnings (3200 by default, set as Retained earnings in 7 Setup → Default accounts):

An account whose balance is on the other side (such as 4110 รับคืนสินค้าและส่วนลด) is closed on the opposite side. If no revenue or expense account has a balance, the year closes without a closing entry.

The closing entry does not count as income or expense: the profit and loss report leaves it out, so a closed year still reports its result. Until a year is closed, the balance sheet shows its profit as Current profit not yet closed. See Reports.

In the journal entry list, the closing entry's source is the fiscal year's name (FY2026), linked to this screen.

Reopening a year#

Reopen a closed year to correct it after the close.

1. Choose Reopen year on the year's panel. Only the latest closed year can be reopened, and only when no period of a later year is closed (Reopen later years and periods first).
2. Type the reason and choose Reopen year.

Panya:

• reopens the last period of the year;
• marks the year Open;
• reverses the closing entry, with a reversal entry in the Closing book dated the last day of the year.

The other periods stay closed. To post into an earlier month of the year, reopen those periods too, latest first. When the corrections are done, run Year-end close again: Panya posts a new closing entry with the corrected figures.

Only owners and admins can reopen a year.

Opening the next fiscal year#

Panya does not open a new fiscal year by itself. Open it before you post the first document of the new year, and before the year-end FX revaluation, whose reversal falls on the first day of the new year.

1. Choose Open next fiscal year.
2. Start date is filled in with the day after the latest year ends (01/01/2570 after FY2026) and cannot be changed: The next year must start the day after the latest year ends.
3. Choose Open year.

Panya creates the year (FY2027) with twelve open monthly periods and confirms Fiscal year opened. You can open the next year at any time, even before closing the current one; both years are then open.

Opening a year needs the close periods permission (owners, admins, accountants).

Period and year-end messages#

FX revaluation#

ปรับมูลค่าอัตราแลกเปลี่ยน · Menu: 5 Accounting → FX revaluation

What it does#

At the end of an accounting period, Revenue Code section 65 bis (7) requires foreign currency receivables and payables to be valued at the Bank of Thailand rate on the last day of the period. The FX revaluation does this for every posted foreign currency credit sale, debit note, credit purchase and supplier debit note still open on the date:

• the amount still open in the foreign currency (after receipts, payments and credit notes dated on or before the date) is converted at that day's rate: the buying rate for receivables, the selling rate for payables;
• the difference from its booked baht value is posted to the revaluation accounts and to exchange gain or loss, dated the period end;
• the entry is reversed on the next day.

The receivable and payable control accounts (1130, 2110) keep the booked values, so they still agree with the documents and the aging reports. The adjustment sits beside them, in 1131 ปรับมูลค่าลูกหนี้สกุลเงินต่างประเทศ and 2111 ปรับมูลค่าเจ้าหนี้สกุลเงินต่างประเทศ, so the balance sheet shows the restated value.

Because the entry is reversed the next day, when the customer pays (or you pay the supplier) the receipt or payment realises the whole exchange difference against the original booking rate, and nothing is counted twice. Foreign currency documents and their settlement are explained in Sales, Purchasing and Finance.

Before you start#

• Enter the Bank of Thailand buying and selling rates for the period-end date in 7 Setup → Exchange rates, for every currency you have open. Panya uses the latest rate on or before the date. See Setup.
• The period containing the date and the period containing the next day must both be open. At the end of the fiscal year, open the next fiscal year first: the reversal is dated on its first day.
• Post every receipt and payment dated on or before the period end, so the open amounts are right.

The revaluation screen#

The Preview as of table lists each open document:

The open amounts are those of the As of date: receipts, payments and credit notes dated later do not count, and a document or settlement cancelled after the date still counts as it stood that day. When nothing is open in a foreign currency on the date, or every open balance is already at that date's rate, the preview says Nothing to revalue on this date: no foreign currency balance is open, or every open balance is already at this date's rate. There is nothing to post, and nothing is wrong.

The Revaluations table below lists past revaluations: As of, Net (Gain or Loss and the amount), Entries (links to the revaluation entry and its reversal), Status (Posted or Cancelled), and a Cancel button on posted ones.

Revaluing at month end#

1. Open 5 Accounting → FX revaluation.
2. In As of, enter the last day of the period, for example 31/10/2026 (31/10/2569).
3. Choose Preview and check each line: the open amounts, and that the rate is the Bank of Thailand rate for the date.
4. Choose Post revaluation. Panya confirms Revalued as of 31/10/2569, and the revaluation appears in the list below.

In the screenshot, credit sale IV69100004 to Global Imports LLC (C003) has 550.00 USD open, booked at 18,260.00 baht (33.20 per dollar). At the buying rate of 33.45 it is worth 18,397.50, a difference of 137.50. The preview is as of 17/10/2569; at month end you choose 31/10/2569, and if no newer USD rate has been entered by then, Panya uses the same 33.45.

What the revaluation records#

Posting makes two journal entries in the General book (GJ…). Their source is shown as FXR- followed by the date, for example FXR-2026-10-31.

The revaluation, dated 31/10/2569, memo foreign currency revaluation 2026-10-31:

The reversal, dated 01/11/2569, memo Reversal of the first entry's number, : revaluation reversed the next day:

The sides depend on whether the baht value of each open document went up or down:

For example, if a USD credit purchase from Cloudsoft Inc. (S003) is open and the dollar's selling rate has risen since it was booked, you owe more baht: Panya debits 4910 and credits 2111 with the supplier on the line.

The 1131 and 2111 lines carry the customer or supplier. A revaluation creates no tax records and does not change any document's open amount, the aging reports or the control accounts. If the chart has no 1131, 2111 or 4910 account, Panya adds it when you post the first revaluation.

Cancelling a revaluation#

Cancel a revaluation to redo it, for example after correcting a wrong rate:

1. In the Revaluations table, choose Cancel on the revaluation.
2. Confirm Cancel the revaluation as of 31/10/2569? Both its entries are offset.

Panya posts two more General-book entries, each the mirror image of one of the originals and on its date (31/10/2569 and 01/11/2569), with the memo cancelled revaluation FXR-2026-10-31. Both dates must still be in open periods. The status becomes Cancelled, and you can revalue the date again.

Only one posted revaluation is allowed per date.

Revaluation messages#

Double-entry safeguards#

Panya enforces the rules of double-entry bookkeeping itself, so the books cannot drift out of balance or be changed after the fact.

Every entry balances#

Every journal entry, whether from a document, a voucher, a reversal or the year-end close, has at least two lines, and its debits equal its credits to the satang. Each line is either a debit or a credit, never both, never negative, and in baht with at most two decimals. Panya checks this when it builds the entry, and its database checks it again before the entry is saved. An entry that does not balance is never saved. That is why the trial balance always balances.

Posted entries are never edited#

Once posted, a journal entry, its lines, its stock movements and its tax records are permanent. Nobody can edit or delete them: not an accountant, not an administrator, not Panya's support. Only drafts can be changed or deleted.

A mistake is corrected by a new entry, never by changing the old one:

• cancelling a document or reversing a voucher posts a reversal entry on the date you choose, and reverses the stock movements and tax records too;
• a credit note or debit note corrects an invoice that the customer already has;
• a new journal voucher corrects an account balance.

Each document has at most one original entry and one reversal, so it can never be posted twice.

Control accounts are posted only by documents#

Receivable, payable and inventory control accounts are posted only by documents, never by journal vouchers. Each customer's and supplier's balance, and each product's stock value, therefore always adds up to its control account. See The control accounts rule above.

Closed periods#

Every entry is posted into the period that contains its date, and a closed period accepts no entries. Once a month is closed and its returns are filed, its figures stay as filed. The only ways back in are recorded with a reason: a closed-period adjustment by an owner or admin, or reopening the period. See Periods and year end.

The audit trail#

Every action is recorded with the user and the time: creating, posting, reversing and deleting vouchers (journal_voucher.create, journal_voucher.post, journal_voucher.post_adjustment, journal_voucher.reverse, journal_voucher.delete), closing and reopening periods (period.close, period.reopen), opening, closing and reopening fiscal years (fiscal_year.create, fiscal_year.close, fiscal_year.reopen), and posting and cancelling FX revaluations (fx_revaluation.post, fx_revaluation.cancel). Reasons for reversals, reopenings and adjustments are kept with them. Each journal entry also shows who posted it and when.

The log cannot be edited. Read it in 7 Setup → Audit log (see Setup) or, across all companies, in the organization's audit log (see Organization administration).

Integrity checks#

6 Reports → Integrity checks runs the cross-checks behind these rules, including: every journal entry balances; the trial balance's debits equal its credits; receivables, payables and stock agree with their control accounts; opening balance equity is zero; and every posted document has its journal entry. Run it before closing a month. See Reports.

Who can do what#

Roles are given to members in the organization's settings. See Organization administration.